From 0ba475fd836a42aa2ab6f3d1a58384cc9a78e43f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Maciej Jur Date: Sun, 5 Nov 2023 15:01:47 +0100 Subject: [PATCH] content: typeclasses --- package.json | 8 +- pnpm-lock.yaml | 233 +++++++++--------- src/content/posts/typeclasses.md | 192 +++++++++++++++ .../posts/writing-code-considered-harmful.md | 2 +- src/content/wiki/japanese/reading-two.md | 6 + src/content/wiki/japanese/tachi.md | 5 +- src/utils/remark/bib.ts | 2 +- 7 files changed, 319 insertions(+), 129 deletions(-) create mode 100644 src/content/posts/typeclasses.md create mode 100644 src/content/wiki/japanese/reading-two.md diff --git a/package.json b/package.json index 1445aa8..267de1b 100644 --- a/package.json +++ b/package.json @@ -15,10 +15,10 @@ "@astrojs/solid-js": "^3.0.2", "@citation-js/plugin-bibtex": "^0.7.2", "@js-temporal/polyfill": "^0.4.4", - "astro": "^3.4.0", + "astro": "^3.4.3", "astro-pagefind": "^1.3.0", "chart.js": "^4.4.0", - "citation-js": "^0.7.1", + "citation-js": "^0.7.4", "dayjs": "^1.11.10", "leaflet": "^1.9.4", "leaflet.markercluster": "^1.5.3", @@ -33,8 +33,8 @@ "remark-math": "^5.1.1", "remark-parse": "^11.0.0", "remark-rehype": "^11.0.0", - "reveal.js": "^5.0.0", - "solid-js": "^1.8.4", + "reveal.js": "^5.0.1", + "solid-js": "^1.8.5", "unified": "^11.0.4", "unist-util-visit": "^5.0.0" }, diff --git a/pnpm-lock.yaml b/pnpm-lock.yaml index f72c3af..f3a1cc3 100644 --- a/pnpm-lock.yaml +++ b/pnpm-lock.yaml @@ -7,10 +7,10 @@ settings: dependencies: '@astrojs/mdx': specifier: ^1.1.3 - version: 1.1.3(astro@3.4.0) + version: 1.1.3(astro@3.4.3) '@astrojs/solid-js': specifier: ^3.0.2 - version: 3.0.2(solid-js@1.8.4)(vite@4.5.0) + version: 3.0.2(solid-js@1.8.5)(vite@4.5.0) '@citation-js/plugin-bibtex': specifier: ^0.7.2 version: 0.7.2(@citation-js/core@0.7.1) @@ -18,17 +18,17 @@ dependencies: specifier: ^0.4.4 version: 0.4.4 astro: - specifier: ^3.4.0 - version: 3.4.0(sass@1.69.5) + specifier: ^3.4.3 + version: 3.4.3(sass@1.69.5) astro-pagefind: specifier: ^1.3.0 - version: 1.3.0(astro@3.4.0) + version: 1.3.0(astro@3.4.3) chart.js: specifier: ^4.4.0 version: 4.4.0 citation-js: - specifier: ^0.7.1 - version: 0.7.1 + specifier: ^0.7.4 + version: 0.7.4 dayjs: specifier: ^1.11.10 version: 1.11.10 @@ -72,11 +72,11 @@ dependencies: specifier: ^11.0.0 version: 11.0.0 reveal.js: - specifier: ^5.0.0 - version: 5.0.0 + specifier: ^5.0.1 + version: 5.0.1 solid-js: - specifier: ^1.8.4 - version: 1.8.4 + specifier: ^1.8.5 + version: 1.8.5 unified: specifier: ^11.0.4 version: 11.0.4 @@ -117,23 +117,23 @@ packages: '@jridgewell/trace-mapping': 0.3.20 dev: false - /@astrojs/compiler@2.2.1: - resolution: {integrity: sha512-NJ1lWKzMkyEjE3W5NpPNAVot4/PLF5om/P6ekxNu3iLS05CaYFTcp7WpYMjdCC252b7wkNVAs45FNkVQ+RHW/g==} + /@astrojs/compiler@2.2.2: + resolution: {integrity: sha512-nJaEgq0EP1mybaW1PvNnnp4RxVQnaLajUYnqrqxFbIdu1ELbH6OxNuAJWI+/q9TbMP6NG/eK6WRMhQsxX6qkUQ==} dev: false /@astrojs/internal-helpers@0.2.1: resolution: {integrity: sha512-06DD2ZnItMwUnH81LBLco3tWjcZ1lGU9rLCCBaeUCGYe9cI0wKyY2W3kDyoW1I6GmcWgt1fu+D1CTvz+FIKf8A==} dev: false - /@astrojs/markdown-remark@3.3.0(astro@3.4.0): + /@astrojs/markdown-remark@3.3.0(astro@3.4.3): resolution: {integrity: sha512-ezFzEiZygc/ASe2Eul9v1yrTbNGqSbR348UGNXQ4Dtkx8MYRwfiBfmPm6VnEdfIGkW+bi5qIUReKfc7mPVUkIg==} peerDependencies: astro: ^3.3.0 dependencies: '@astrojs/prism': 3.0.0 - astro: 3.4.0(sass@1.69.5) + astro: 3.4.3(sass@1.69.5) github-slugger: 2.0.0 - import-meta-resolve: 3.0.0 + import-meta-resolve: 3.1.1 mdast-util-definitions: 6.0.0 rehype-raw: 6.1.1 rehype-stringify: 9.0.4 @@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ packages: remark-parse: 10.0.2 remark-rehype: 10.1.0 remark-smartypants: 2.0.0 - shikiji: 0.6.10 + shikiji: 0.6.12 unified: 10.1.2 unist-util-visit: 4.1.2 vfile: 5.3.7 @@ -149,16 +149,16 @@ packages: - supports-color dev: false - /@astrojs/mdx@1.1.3(astro@3.4.0): + /@astrojs/mdx@1.1.3(astro@3.4.3): resolution: {integrity: sha512-5U5l6bCmywF2IOO8T7oIeStrRB16cxlGCz02U2akpEkLw93dmn5QcHjr4Cwem0bSKROEjYqZ7DxN8t8YAAV2qA==} engines: {node: '>=18.14.1'} peerDependencies: astro: ^3.3.4 dependencies: - '@astrojs/markdown-remark': 3.3.0(astro@3.4.0) + '@astrojs/markdown-remark': 3.3.0(astro@3.4.3) '@mdx-js/mdx': 2.3.0 acorn: 8.11.2 - astro: 3.4.0(sass@1.69.5) + astro: 3.4.3(sass@1.69.5) es-module-lexer: 1.3.1 estree-util-visit: 1.2.1 github-slugger: 2.0.0 @@ -182,14 +182,14 @@ packages: prismjs: 1.29.0 dev: false - /@astrojs/solid-js@3.0.2(solid-js@1.8.4)(vite@4.5.0): + /@astrojs/solid-js@3.0.2(solid-js@1.8.5)(vite@4.5.0): resolution: {integrity: sha512-BGTtS/ygAlcopELdjgTURHnxS2AoDRKjpu3Dgp12TOcArBMCiI/rYdHtlB+ligMm9Bbvar8qdzXsT1zlrxK5jQ==} engines: {node: '>=18.14.1'} peerDependencies: solid-js: ^1.4.3 dependencies: - solid-js: 1.8.4 - vite-plugin-solid: 2.7.2(solid-js@1.8.4)(vite@4.5.0) + solid-js: 1.8.5 + vite-plugin-solid: 2.7.2(solid-js@1.8.5)(vite@4.5.0) transitivePeerDependencies: - supports-color - vite @@ -544,18 +544,18 @@ packages: to-fast-properties: 2.0.0 dev: false - /@citation-js/cli@0.7.1: - resolution: {integrity: sha512-fT/hLCI/2HAgcsO7lp5TE1xstMlbSTqMW6FUTIZp8Oj7/JD+S6wIVnW8lEQk4xSJJPMtcqxwMPOSbVuiUShE5Q==} + /@citation-js/cli@0.7.4: + resolution: {integrity: sha512-EB+xAJX1I2eyfRNMfoAEnNAjDHLz63SFE82NAQGFEjRgDiKHrPPVpLeHZrf3KDY3XFGDg2S73WTw4pPvpwcZ9Q==} engines: {node: '>=16.0.0'} hasBin: true dependencies: '@citation-js/core': 0.7.1 - '@citation-js/plugin-bibjson': 0.7.1(@citation-js/core@0.7.1) + '@citation-js/plugin-bibjson': 0.7.2(@citation-js/core@0.7.1) '@citation-js/plugin-bibtex': 0.7.2(@citation-js/core@0.7.1) - '@citation-js/plugin-csl': 0.7.1(@citation-js/core@0.7.1) - '@citation-js/plugin-doi': 0.7.1(@citation-js/core@0.7.1) - '@citation-js/plugin-ris': 0.7.1(@citation-js/core@0.7.1) - '@citation-js/plugin-wikidata': 0.7.1(@citation-js/core@0.7.1) + '@citation-js/plugin-csl': 0.7.2(@citation-js/core@0.7.1) + '@citation-js/plugin-doi': 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/source-map-js@1.0.2: @@ -4555,8 +4544,8 @@ packages: - supports-color dev: false - /streamx@2.15.1: - resolution: {integrity: sha512-fQMzy2O/Q47rgwErk/eGeLu/roaFWV0jVsogDmrszM9uIw8L5OA+t+V93MgYlufNptfjmYR1tOMWhei/Eh7TQA==} + /streamx@2.15.2: + resolution: {integrity: sha512-b62pAV/aeMjUoRN2C/9F0n+G8AfcJjNC0zw/ZmOHeFsIe4m4GzjVW9m6VHXVjk536NbdU9JRwKMJRfkc+zUFTg==} dependencies: fast-fifo: 1.3.2 queue-tick: 1.0.1 @@ -4691,7 +4680,7 @@ packages: dependencies: b4a: 1.6.4 fast-fifo: 1.3.2 - streamx: 2.15.1 + streamx: 2.15.2 /to-fast-properties@2.0.0: resolution: {integrity: sha512-/OaKK0xYrs3DmxRYqL/yDc+FxFUVYhDlXMhRmv3z915w2HF1tnN1omB354j8VUGO/hbRzyD6Y3sA7v7GS/ceog==} @@ -4963,7 +4952,7 @@ packages: vfile-message: 4.0.2 dev: false - /vite-plugin-solid@2.7.2(solid-js@1.8.4)(vite@4.5.0): + /vite-plugin-solid@2.7.2(solid-js@1.8.5)(vite@4.5.0): resolution: {integrity: sha512-GV2SMLAibOoXe76i02AsjAg7sbm/0lngBlERvJKVN67HOrJsHcWgkt0R6sfGLDJuFkv2aBe14Zm4vJcNME+7zw==} peerDependencies: solid-js: ^1.7.2 @@ -4974,8 +4963,8 @@ packages: '@types/babel__core': 7.20.3 babel-preset-solid: 1.8.4(@babel/core@7.23.2) merge-anything: 5.1.7 - solid-js: 1.8.4 - solid-refresh: 0.5.3(solid-js@1.8.4) + solid-js: 1.8.5 + solid-refresh: 0.5.3(solid-js@1.8.5) vite: 4.5.0(sass@1.69.5) vitefu: 0.2.5(vite@4.5.0) transitivePeerDependencies: @@ -5127,8 +5116,8 @@ packages: engines: {node: '>=12.20'} dev: false - /zod@3.21.1: - resolution: {integrity: sha512-+dTu2m6gmCbO9Ahm4ZBDapx2O6ZY9QSPXst2WXjcznPMwf2YNpn3RevLx4KkZp1OPW/ouFcoBtBzFz/LeY69oA==} + /zod@3.22.4: + resolution: {integrity: sha512-iC+8Io04lddc+mVqQ9AZ7OQ2MrUKGN+oIQyq1vemgt46jwCwLfhq7/pwnBnNXXXZb8VTVLKwp9EDkx+ryxIWmg==} dev: false /zwitch@2.0.4: diff --git a/src/content/posts/typeclasses.md b/src/content/posts/typeclasses.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4eac7e1 --- /dev/null +++ b/src/content/posts/typeclasses.md @@ -0,0 +1,192 @@ +--- +title: Breaking apart the Haskell type class +date: 2023-11-02T17:28:25.466Z +tags: [haskell] +desc: > + Type classes are perhaps the most distinctive feature of Haskell. + I’ve found them pretty confusing, but in reality they are an incredibly + elegant solution to a certain problem found in functional languages. +--- + +Type classes are perhaps the most distinctive feature of Haskell. +I've found them pretty confusing, but in reality they are an incredibly elegant solution to a certain problem found in functional languages. + +## Why? + +In Haskell, we can write monomorphic functions which accepts concrete types. +As an example, the function `add` shown below adds together two values of type `Int`. + +```haskell +add :: Int -> Int -> Int +add a b = a + b +``` + +We can also create functions which are polymorphic. +The signatures of such functions contain type variables. +As an example, the function `head` shown below has a type variable `a`, which means that it accepts lists of any type `a`. + +```haskell +head :: [a] -> a +head [] = undefined +head (x:_) = x +``` + +However, there are situations where we want to create functions that accept a specific set of different types. +For example, a function should work with both `Int` and `Float` values: + +```haskell +a = 1 :: Int +b = 1 :: Float + +x = add a a +y = add b b + +add :: ? -> ? -> ? +``` + +Using a type variable like `a` in the function's signature would make it too permissive, allowing unintended types like `String`. + +```haskell +add :: a -> a -> a +add a b = a + b + +-- wrong! +x = add "hello" "world" +``` + +To address this issue, Haskell introduces a concept called "type classes". + +```haskell +a = 1 :: Int +b = 1 :: Float + +add :: Num a => a -> a -> a +add a b = a + b +``` + +In this case the types `Int` and `Float` are instances of the `Num` type class. +By specifying the `Num a => ...` constraint in the function's signature, we declare that the function should be polymorphic for instances of the `Num` type class. + +## How it works + +You can visualize a type class as a set of operations defined for a given type. +The `Num` type class, for example, includes operations such as addition, multiplication, and negation: + +```haskell +class Num a where + (+) :: a -> a -> a + (*) :: a -> a -> a + negate :: a -> a + -- etc. + +add :: Num a => a -> a -> a +add a b = a + b +``` + +In this class declaration, each operation is like a record field for the type. +It's as if there's a data type hidden behind the scenes, and each operation is a selector function for that data type: + +```haskell +data Num a = MkNum + (a -> a -> a) + (a -> a -> a) + (a -> a) + -- etc. + +(+) :: Num a -> a -> a -> a +(+) (MkNum f _ _ ...) = f + +add :: Num a -> a -> a -> a +add d a b = (+) d a b +``` + +Effectively, `Num a` serves as a table of operations for the `Num` class for type `a`. +This elegant mechanism allows Haskell to implement polymorphism with type classes while maintaining strict type safety. + + +## Kinds + +A type in Haskell is a classification that defines what kind of data a value can represent. +For example, `Int` is a type that represents integer values, and `Float` is a type for floating-point numbers. + +Kinds are a higher-level classification system for types in Haskell. +Every type in Haskell has a kind, and this kind represents the "type of types". + +The notation for kinds in Haskell uses an asterisk `*` to represent the most basic kind, which corresponds to concrete types. +You can check the kind of any type by using the `:kind` command in GHCi. + +The kind of `Int` is `*`, indicating that `Int` is a concrete type. +```haskell +Int :: * +``` + +Similarly, the kind of `Float` is `*`, signifying that it is also a concrete type. +```haskell +Float :: * +``` + +However, Haskell's type system can go beyond basic types and deal with more complex constructs. +For instance, type classes introduce a kind called `Constraint`, denoted as `=>`. +The kind Constraint is used to represent constraints on types and is commonly encountered when defining type classes and their instances. + +The kind of `Num` is `* -> Constraint`, showing that `Num` is a type class that takes a type (like `Int`) as an argument. +```haskell +Num :: * -> Constraint +``` + +When `Num` is applied to `Int`, it becomes a constraint on the `Int` type, indicating that `Int` is an instance of the `Num` type class. +```haskell +Num Int :: Constraint +``` + +### Higher Kinded Types + +### The venerable monad + +## Other languages + +### Scala + +scala + +### Rust + +rust + + +## Bibliography + +:::bibtex +@inproceedings{10.1145/1238844.1238856, + author = {Hudak, Paul and Hughes, John and Peyton Jones, Simon and Wadler, Philip}, + title = {A History of Haskell: Being Lazy with Class}, + year = {2007}, + isbn = {9781595937667}, + publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery}, + address = {New York, NY, USA}, + url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/1238844.1238856}, + doi = {10.1145/1238844.1238856}, + abstract = {This paper describes the history of Haskell, including its genesis and principles, technical contributions, implementations and tools, and applications and impact.}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the Third ACM SIGPLAN Conference on History of Programming Languages}, + pages = {12–1–12–55}, + location = {San Diego, California}, + series = {HOPL III} +} + +@online{youtube, + title = {Escape from the ivory tower: the Haskell journey}, + date = {2017}, + organization = {Youtube}, + author = {Simon {Peyton Jones}}, + url = {https://youtu.be/re96UgMk6GQ}, +} + +@book{skinner2023effective, + title = {Effective Haskell: Solving Real-World Problems with Strongly Typed Functional Programming}, + author = {Skinner, R.}, + isbn = {9781680509342}, + series = {Pragmatic Bookshelf}, + year = {2023}, + publisher = {O'Reilly Media} +} +::: diff --git a/src/content/posts/writing-code-considered-harmful.md b/src/content/posts/writing-code-considered-harmful.md index 52bcab0..05e52d9 100644 --- a/src/content/posts/writing-code-considered-harmful.md +++ b/src/content/posts/writing-code-considered-harmful.md @@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ It was a pretty fun and interesting adventure, difficult at times, but worth it ## Bibliography -:::bib +:::bibtex @book{gamma1994design, title = {Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software}, author = {Gamma, E. and Helm, R. and Johnson, R. and Vlissides, J.}, diff --git a/src/content/wiki/japanese/reading-two.md b/src/content/wiki/japanese/reading-two.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c2f1878 --- /dev/null +++ b/src/content/wiki/japanese/reading-two.md @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +--- +title: 読書 〜 その２ +--- + +- [ ] 東方文果真報　～ Alternative Facts in Eastern Utopia + diff --git a/src/content/wiki/japanese/tachi.md b/src/content/wiki/japanese/tachi.md index 0d66184..cc16515 100644 --- a/src/content/wiki/japanese/tachi.md +++ b/src/content/wiki/japanese/tachi.md @@ -16,7 +16,10 @@ I've come across 〜達 used for inanimate things several times with one example “目指したトコロは此処だったのか？” 今は先を急ぐ　**水達**に乗せられたまま -:::bib + +## Bibliography + +:::bibtex @book{dojg-advanced, title = {A dictionary of advanced Japanese grammar}, author = {Makino, Seiichi and Tsutsui, Michio}, diff --git a/src/utils/remark/bib.ts b/src/utils/remark/bib.ts index de6dc7a..e382f55 100644 --- a/src/utils/remark/bib.ts +++ b/src/utils/remark/bib.ts @@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ function locateBibliography(tree: any) { let bibliography: Maybe = Maybe.empty(); visit(tree, 'containerDirective', (node, index, parent) => { - if (node.name !== 'bib') + if (node.name !== 'bibtex') return CONTINUE; const data = new Cite(toString(node));